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# Surface Search

Subsurface Imaging and Mapping Using Shallow Geophysics

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## Posts

- [Articles](https://surfacesearch.com/articles/)
- [The application of Near-Surface Geophysics: Conclusion](https://surfacesearch.com/application-near-surface-geophysics-conclusion/) - [cs_content][cs_section parallax="false" style="margin: 0px;padding: 45px 0px;"][cs_row inner_container="false" marginless_columns="false" style="margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;"][cs_column fade="false" fade_animation="in" fade_animation_offset="45px" fade_duration="750" type="1/1" style="padding: 0px;"][cs_text]The conclusion and the results of our 3 part series on the application of near-surface geophysics. You can read part one here, and part two here. OVERLAPPING GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS To compare the results from each of the
- [The application of Near-Surface Geophysics: Part 2](https://surfacesearch.com/application-near-surface-geophysics-part-2/) - GEOPHYSICAL METHODS Ground Penetrating Radar For the past 10 years, ground penetrating radar has been the geophysical method most frequently used to profile subsurface conditions at proposed directional drill crossings in western Canada. This popularity stems from the fact that GPR surveys are relatively inexpensive to obtain and large amounts of data can be acquired
- [Sub-Bottom Marine Profilers (SBP)](https://surfacesearch.com/sub-bottom-marine-profilers-sbp/) - Sub-bottom marine profiler (SBP) is a geophysical method which is specifically designed to detect and characterize layers of sediment or rock beneath a body of water. SBP provides continuous seismic reflection profiles in real time by the use of an acoustic wave generating source and an array of hydrophones to receive the energy reflected by
- [The application of Near-Surface Geophysics: Part 1](https://surfacesearch.com/near-surface-geophysics/) - [x_custom_headline type="left" level="h2" looks_like="h3" accent="true"]Near-surface geophysics at proposed pipeline river crossings: a comparative overview of various techniques and their associated capabilities and limitations.[/x_custom_headline] This is part 1 of our three-part series on the application of near-surface geophysics at proposed pipeline river crossings. Abstract The cost, design, and in some instances, feasibility of directional drilling large
- [Induced Polarization (IP) What Is It?](https://surfacesearch.com/induced-polarization-ip/) - Induced Polarization (IP) is a geophysical method used extensively in mineral exploration and mine operations. The IP survey is very similar to electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Resistivity and IP methods are often applied on the ground surface using multiple four-electrode sites. In an IP survey, in addition to resistivity measurement, capacitive properties of the subsurface
- [Seismic Reflection What is it?](https://surfacesearch.com/seismic-reflection-what-is-it/) - Seismic Reflection (both on-shore and marine) is the most common geophysical methodology used for oil and gas exploration and exhibits the highest degree of technical sophistication in terms of both data acquisition and signal processing capabilities. Seismic reflection surveys provide either 2 or 3 dimensional imagery of stratigraphic boundaries and geologic structure (e.g. faults, stratigraphic
- [Seismic Refraction What is it?](https://surfacesearch.com/seismic-refraction-what-is-it/) - Seismic Refraction (SR) is a surface geophysics method that utilizes the refraction of seismic waves on geology layers and rock/soil units to characterize subsurface geologic conditions. The method involves a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law, which is a formula used to describe the relationship between seismic wave angles of refraction when passing through a
- [Electromagnetic Surveys - Getting All The Data](https://surfacesearch.com/electromagnetic-surveys-getting-data/) - Electromagnetic (EM) surveys consist of using either time-domain or frequency-domain electromagnetic field generating systems to measure and map changes in the electrical/magnetic properties of the shallow subsurface. For shallow site investigations, EM methods are commonly used to map variations in either soil properties or to detect and map the location of buried man-made objects or
- [Ground Penetrating Radar](https://surfacesearch.com/ground-penetrating-radar/) - Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a general term to describe methods that use radio waves to probe subsurface objects or geologic features. GPR is a non-invasive electromagnetic (EM) geophysical technique for subsurface exploration and characterization. Using radar principals, GPR systems transmit impulse electromagnetic energy (i.e. radio waves) into the ground and detect echoes, or reflected
- [Electrical Resistivity Tomography What is It?](https://surfacesearch.com/electrical-resistivity-tomography-what-is-it/) - Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is an advanced geophysics method used to determine the subsurface’s resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. ERT data are rapidly collected with an automated multi-electrode resistivity meter. ERT profiles consist of a modeled cross-sectional (2-D) plot of resistivity (Ω·m) versus depth. ERT interpretations, supported by borehole data or

## Pages

- [Home](https://surfacesearch.com/) - Surface Search Shallow Earth Imaging & Mapping OUR SERVICES Welcome to Surface Search Surface Search Inc. provides a broad range of shallow geophysics survey solutions for project engineers, geoscientists and planners who require detailed information on subsurface conditions beneath their project areas.Since 1991, we have developed a reputation for delivering trusted solutions and being accessible
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- [Survey Design](https://surfacesearch.com/about/survey-design/) - Survey Design You don’t need to be a geophysicist to understand what type of geophysical survey methodology will be required to successfully image the subsurface target(s) of interest to your project. Simply provide us with the scope of your project area, a description of your target(s) soil/rock/material physical properties of interest (e.g. upper bedrock surface,
- [Ghost - About Us](https://surfacesearch.com/ghost-about-us/) - [cs_content][/cs_content][cs_content_seo][/cs_content_seo] This is where forms will be accessed.
- [About](https://surfacesearch.com/about/) - About Surface Search. Surface Search Inc. offers multiple shallow geophysics survey solutions using state of the art technology to capture the full nature of differing types of geologic and engineering material properties below the ground surface. Our capabilities include imaging subsurface features in 2 or 3 dimensions to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the
- [Newsletter Signup](https://surfacesearch.com/contact-2/newsletter-signup/) - Please leave this field emptySurface Search Inc. JOIN OUR NEWSLETTER MAILING LIST To receive in-depth information on our services, experiences from the field and relevant articles on shallow geophysics capabilities and limitations, please sign up below. Thank you. You are able to unsubscribe at any time. To review our privacy policy click here. Check your
- [Contact](https://surfacesearch.com/contact-2/) - Contact Us Now. A comprehensive understanding of what lies beneath the surface within the confines of your project area matters. Encountering unforeseen subsurface features can be detrimental to your overall project budget and completion schedule. Shallow geophysics helps to increase your preparedness by providing the capacity to investigate, detect and map mission critical subsurface features
- [Technical & Consulting Services](https://surfacesearch.com/geotechnical-site-investigations/) - Our Technical & Consulting Services Our Technical & Consulting Services Geotechnical Site Investigations provides shallow geophysical surveying and data analysis services for geotechnical and civil engineers tasked with completing site investigations within their project limits. The data results we provide represent additional subsurface information required to understand what is going on in-between and beyond borehole
- [Our Services](https://surfacesearch.com/shallow-geophysics-services/) - Services with Accuracy. Surface Search Inc. provides shallow geophysical surveying and data analysis services for a wide variety of industry groups. We are experienced in acquiring geophysical data using multiple surface geophysics methodologies. Our surveys are typically designed to image/map subsurface features from only a few centimetres up to hundreds of metres in depth.A comprehensive
- [Geophysical Methods](https://surfacesearch.com/about/geophysical-methods/) - Geophysical Methods. Selecting the right geophysical survey technology, or combination of technologies is critical to successfully imaging and/or mapping key targeted subsurface features. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is an advanced geophysics method used to determine the subsurface’s resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. ERT data are rapidly collected with
- [Privacy Policy](https://surfacesearch.com/privacy-policy/) - Privacy Policy SURFACE SEARCH INC. PRIVACY POLICY Last updated February 2021.INTRODUCTIONSurface Search Inc. (“we” or “us” or “our”) respects the privacy of our users (“user” or “you”). This Privacy Policy explains how we collect, use, disclose, and safeguard your information when you visit our website surfacesearch.com, including any other media form, media channel, mobile website,
- [GPR Ice Mapping](https://surfacesearch.com/geotechnical-site-investigations/gpr-ice-mapping/) - GPR Ice Mapping GPR Ice Thickness ProfilingHazard IdentificationProject personnel and equipment falling through ice due to ice cover weight overloading and subsequent failure. Potential for serious injury (e.g. hypothermia) or loss of life. Potential for severe/costly equipment damage. Potential for environmental damage and costly clean-up operations.Working, travelling, and parking on the frozen surface of ponds,

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## Categories

- [Articles](https://surfacesearch.com/category/articles-blog/)

## Tags

- [Geophysical Methods](https://surfacesearch.com/tag/geophysical-methods/)
- [Ground Penetrating Radar](https://surfacesearch.com/tag/ground-penetrating-radar/)
- [Electromagnetic](https://surfacesearch.com/tag/electromagnetic/)
- [Seismic Reflection](https://surfacesearch.com/tag/seismic-reflection/)
- [Sub-Bottom Marine Profilers](https://surfacesearch.com/tag/sub-bottom-marine-profilers/)
- [Induced Polarization](https://surfacesearch.com/tag/induced-polarization/)